Attachment Theory Of Divorce - 756 Words

2.8.2. Attachment Theory: Attachment theory in the Context of Divorce: To comprehend attachment between former spouses requires understanding some basic tenets of attachment theory, the concept of persistent attachments, and how these attachments influence the relational dynamics between former partners and their children. Attachment theory of divorce Brooke Feeney and Joan Monin describe how attachment bonds are just as vital to survival and fitness as are reproduction and nutrition. These bonds are strong and persistent ties that are activated whenever a person feels threatened. Their purpose is to help individuals seek protection and security when proximity is needed. These attachment bonds, especially in adult romantic relationships,†¦show more content†¦Very few relationships can reach to the level of intense hostility as can the relationship between former spouses. It is often characterized anger, hatred, and violence. Many times partners blame each other for their pain, which can often lead to feelings of aggression, physical violence, and thoughts of retaliation. From an attachment perspective, the realization that an attachment bond is being served triggers intense fear and activates strong protest. It is very hard to break an attachment bond once it is formed. Attachment: Parent-Child Attachment theory is rooted in the biological concept that children seek proximity to their parents or caregivers as a mean to survive stressful or dangerous situation. Interaction between children and their care givers are integrated into representational or internal working models that guide children understanding of current and future relationships, including expectations regarding the trustworthiness and predictability of others. Attachment security is fostered when children trust that their care-givers are accessible and capable of responding to their needs and safety. Parental divorce is a stressful time that may initiate different changes. Adults with divorced parents tend to score lower on a variety of emotional, behavioral, social, health, and academic outcomes. Adults with divorced parents tend to obtain low level of education, facing difficulty in forming intimate relationships,Show MoreRelatedAttachment Theory And Children Of Divorce1424 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology Attachment Theory and Children of Divorce Attachment theory, or styles, is the way we describe relationships and bonds between people. In this particular case it will be about the bond between two parents and the child as they struggle through the troubles of divorce. In Dean McKay’s article â€Å"The Trauma of Divorce: Reducing the Impact of Separation on Children† we see that he identifies divorce for children as trauma, and that because of trauma they become less secure in attachment. He beginsRead MoreThe Attachment Theory On Child Abuse, The Family, And. Children And Divorce2249 Words   |  9 PagesThe Attachment Theory in Child Psychology The term attachment describes an infant s tendency to seek closeness to particular people and to feel more secure in their presence (Atkinson et al, 2000, p90). This essay will attempt to provide a brief and up to date summary of attachment theory and research, show how it is linked to Child Abuse, the Family, and Children and Divorce, critically evaluating attachment s predictive value. One of the most influential theories in the history ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory795 Words   |  4 Pages The theory from chapter 1 that I chose was attachment theory. Attachment theory, coined by John Bowlby, is a concept in developmental psychology that concerns the importance of attachment in regards to personal development. It states that the ability for an individual to form an emotional and physical attachment to another person gives a sense of stability and the means necessary to take risks, branch out, and grow and develop as a personality. One of Bowlby’s main points in attachment theoryRead MoreRelationship Between Platonic And Romantic Relationships1477 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship hierarchy (Collins van Dulmen, 20006). Each emerging adult’s relationship quality as well as their attachment bond with their romantic partners constitutes a primary role in their transition into adulthood (Arnett, 2000), and it is also important in developing a key indicator of an individual’s subjective well-being, such as life satisfaction (Ma Huebner, 2008). Thus, attachment relationships with parents, peers and romantic partners are primary indicators to both life satisfaction andRead MoreThe Effects Of Personal Attachment Style On Romantic Relationship Satisfaction1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Personal Attachment Style on Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Our earliest relationships in life can be deeply formative in shaping our development. Created by John Bowlby, attachment theory relates the importance of attachment in regards to personal development. According to Bowlby, attachment is the leading factor in our ability to form and maintain relationships as adults (Levy 2012, pg. 157). As human beings, we need to feel as if we belong (Cherry, 2016). We find this belongingnessRead MoreThe Priming Of Attachment Style And The Effects On Romantic Relationship Satisfaction1734 Words   |  7 Pages Attachment Style and Relationship Satisfaction: The Priming of Attachment Style and the Effects on Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Milynn C. Scheer Point Loma Nazarene University â€Æ' Introduction Our earliest relationships in life can be deeply formative in shaping our development. Created by John Bowlby, attachment theory relates the importance of attachment in regards to personal development. According to Bowlby, attachment is the leading factor in our ability to form and maintain relationshipsRead MoreWhat Are Some Effects Of Divorce Or Separation On Children?1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Literature Research Question: What are some effects of divorce or separation on children? Introduction Divorce is defined as the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body. Divorce and parental separation can be very damaging to children and can have adverse effects. (Anderson, 2014, pg 379) Although each family is different, divorce has been shown to cause problems in a child’s relationships with their parents, cause issues in their education, and a childRead MoreThe Attacment Theory and My Friends Parents Divorce843 Words   |  3 Pagesalways their choice. Sometimes the events that occur in our lives could be because of our parents. Divorce is becoming more common especially among African Americans. The significant event that I have chosen to reflect on is the divorce of one of my friend parents at the age of sixteen. The theory that I decided to use that would demonstrate this event is the attachment theory. I chose this theory to illustrate the significance of the event by describing her decision on what parent to live withRead MoreDivorce the P sychological Theories of Development2116 Words   |  9 Pages The Effects of Divorce on Children Based on the Application of the Psychological Developmental Theories Abstract This paper looks at the effects of divorce on children based on the application of various psychological developmental theories. More specifically, children within the age groups of 4 to 6 and 7 to 11 will be taken into account. The theories explored and applied will include Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Erikson’s psychosocial tasks, Bowlby’s attachment theory, Piaget’s cognitiveRead MoreExploring How Parental Divorce Before the Age of Six Affects The Child’s Attachment Relationships in Adulthood. 1757 Words   |  8 Pagesending in divorce presently stands at fifty-percent in the United States. As a consequence many children will go through the divorce process as well. What is important to note is that many children go through divorce before the age of six and this is very significant to their development. Most importantly from infancy through the early years of life (preschool years), children are working on forming secure attachments. Ther e have not been many studies done about the impact of divorce on children

The Influenced Factors on Consumer Purchasing Decision Thai Fashion Dissertation

Essays on The Influenced Factors on Consumer Purchasing Decision: Thai Fashion Brands Dissertation The paper "The Influenced Factors on Consumer Purchasing Decision: Thai Fashion Brands" is a worthy example of a dissertation on marketing. This study aims to find out and determine the consumer purchasing behavior associated with fashion clothing in Thailand. This included the establishment of the factors, which influence consumer behavior, and the subsequent determination of the possible relationships between these factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions associated with the fashion clothing in Thailand. For this study, an exploratory research approach was used to explore the consumer perceptions and attitudes related to fashion clothing. This facilitated the study to establish any new findings that relate to consumer purchasing behavior associated with fashion clothing in Thailand. Furthermore, quantitative research methods which included cluster and regression analyses were also undertaken with the aim of determining the extent by which the established factors influence consumer purchasing behavior and the possible relationship and association between these factors. This research established Kloset, Sretsis, Jaspal, and Greyhound/Playhound as the most popular brands in Thailand. The consumer taste and preference were established as the most significant factor influencing consumer purchasing decisions. However, the quality of fashion clothing also has a significant impact on consumer behavior associated with fashion clothing in Thailand. Based on the findings of this study, consumers perceive that fashionable clothing is generally more expensive but of high quality, while low priced clothing is of low quality and unfashionable. The most common sources of information about Thai fashion clothing include the internet, magazines and TV shows. In general, most consumers would want to wear fashionable clothing like designer clothing, however, financial constraints do not allow them because such fashionable clothing is usually highly-priced.Association between factors affecting the consumer purchasing behavior related to fashion clothing in Thailand was also evaluated. The study established that the age and income of a consumer have a significant impact on the consumer’s expenditure on fashion clothing. Gender was also identified to generally influence consumer spending on fashion clothing in Thailand. However, the findings of this study did not fully support the claim of gender being a significant factor, which influences consumer purchasing behavior associated with fashion clothing in Thailand. Therefore, to further improve on the findings established in this study, a more suitable sampling method should be used in future research, to ensure that the sample is adequately representative of both genders. Consumer trends have been a subject of great interest amongst researchers recently. Therefore, this research study is of great significance. This is because it seeks to establish consumer behavior associated with fashion clothing in Thailand.

Relationship Between Estimation of Liabilities and Decision of the Com

Questions: 1. With reference to the above statement describe what you understand by the term liabilities and how they are measured. 2. Discuss liabilities and the problems of measurement in the context of the present IASB framework. 3. Select a company from the Australian Securities Exchange website and download the 2014 annual report. Evaluate the categorisation and treatment of liabilities in the annual report. 4. Comment on the relationship between the measurement of liabilities and decision useful information with examples from your selected annual report. Answers: Executive Summary The current task will be examining the connection between the business liabilities and duties that are embraced by the business elements. Then again, how liabilities are measured will likewise be clarified. Also, alongside the examination of liabilities, issues identifying with its estimation will be additionally displayed in connection to IASB structure. In this paper an organization will be selected for analyzing the annual report and understanding the treatment of liabilities. Apart from that, the organization will must be listed on Australian Securities Exchange and the latest annual report will be considered for undertaking the research activities. Finally, a remark will be given on the relationship between estimation of liabilities and decision of the company. Additionally, relevant examples will be cited from the Annual report of Telstra. Introduction The liabilities is considered as the obligation relating to entity that may develop from the past events or transactions. Liability is termed as the borrowing that a business can take either from person or banks in order to enhance the business process and that can be payable either in short time or long time. Therefore, liabilities are treated as debts or obligations which show the claim of creditor on the assets of business. The banks and suppliers are considered as non-owners that supplies funds to the entities. Therefore, funds given by non-owners are regarded as liabilities. On the other hand, the commitment is regarded as the decision that is made for purchasing or undertaking any venture. The current assignment will be discussing the relation between liabilities and commitments that are undertaken by the business entities (Henry Holzmann, 2012). On the other hand, a statement has been provided which will be explained in brief manner so that liabilities and commitments can be understood. On the other hand, how liabilities are measured will also be explained. Moreover, along with the discussion of liabilities, problems relating to its measurement will be also presented in relation to IASB framework. Apart from that, a company will be focused upon relating to the website of Australian Securities Exchange in order to understand the liabilities treatment in the annual report. Lastly, a comment will be provided on the basis of relationship among the measurement of liabilities and decision. Moreover, it will be discussed with examples relating to opted annual report. 1. Term Liabilities and its measurement According to Huian (2012), liabilities are considered as a duty or responsibility to someone other, that is not related with the business. Therefore, liabilities are the funds that are provided by the non-owners to the business and are treated as the debts of the business. On the other hand, McEntire (2012) mentioned that liability or debt funders are not associated with the profits earned by the business. The liabilities can be current liabilities, non-current liabilities and contingent liabilities as per IASB. The key features that are linked with the liabilities are: Current obligation to an outside party Obligation must have been arisen from the past event Outflow of future economic advantage is must Apart from that, Moerman van der Laan (2011) stated that liabilities can be recognized in the statement of financial position when there is higher chance that future sacrifice relating to economic benefit will arise. On the other hand, if the liability does not match up with the recognition criteria then it can be mentioned as explanatory notes and it may not be disclosed in financial position statement of the business. Therefore liabilities are regarded as those items that are held by the business. Examples of liabilities can be bank loans, bank overdraft, creditors, etc. The liability of the business can be reduced if the company is successful in earning income or profit. Further, the liabilities can be settled via transfer of economic benefits comprising goods or services, money. Peasnell (2013) opined that business fall in liability in order to finance their operations for surviving in the market. On the other hand, Lpez-Espinosa et al. (2009) argues that liabilities and commitments are two distinct term. Commitment is taken as decision or intention for sacrificing future economic benefit. For instance, a decision to purchase venture can be treated as commitment. Moreover, the commitment lacks the current obligation element as there is no irrevocable or enforceable agreement. Therefore, it can be assumed that either party involved in the agreement can suffer substantial loss if agreement is cancelled. On the other side, liability provides an indicator that chances of losses can be high. Apart from that Henry Holzmann (2012) discussed that commitment turns liability when intention relating to sacrifice of future resources transform into current obligation. The relation between commitment and liability can be understood: Unconditional grant payment: Level Offer/Decision made to applicant Enforceable Agreement Payment Made Classification Commitment Recording of liability and expense and eliminate commitment Eliminate Liability Conditional grant in advance payment Level Offer/Decision made to applicant Enforceable Agreement Payment Made Confirmation to conditions have been done Classification Commitment Commitment Recording of prepaid expense Reduction of payment and identifies expenses Baltazar (2012), stated that liabilities are recorded on the right side of the balance sheet of the company. The business takes debt funders in account in order to finance or purchase the assets for the business or may also require finance for expansion purpose. Therefore, in such case, the business can fall into liabilities or debts that need to be paid some point of time otherwise the debt funders can seize the property of business if the debt amount is not cleared. On the other hand, K (2012) proposed that when assets get liquidated then the business pays the debt first. The business can use equity funds that is owners equity and the debt funds that are liabilities in order to buy assets. Apart from that, McEntire (2012) mentioned that liabilities can be measured at fair value. On the other hand, the present value method can be used for measuring liabilities that can help in knowing whether the company is in position to pay liability or not. Moreover, the company can use: The quoted price relating to identical liability when it is traded as asset A quoted price for alike liabilities Therefore, above techniques can be used in the absence of market relating to liability. Thus, company can be able to measure their liabilities that need to be cleared in due time. Therefore, it can be considered that measuring liabilities clear understanding of accounting so that right liabilities can be known and calculated for paying it to the banks or suppliers. On the other hand, the total liabilities can be measured by adding all the short term liabilities and long term liabilities and also if there is any off balance sheet liabilities (Peasnell, 2013). Thus, business can be able to know how much still the company needs to pay in order to get rid of the liabilities burden. 2. Liabilities and issues in Measurement of Liabilities in Context of the Present IASB Framework According to the IASB framework, liability has been defined as the current obligation for an entity which has been generated from the historical events and the settlement of which is expected to lead an outflow of thee resources associated with economic advantages. Liabilities are presented in the balance sheet by categorizing into two segments: current and non-current. For example, trade payables, borrowings, tax creditor etc are included into liability section of the statement of financial position. It has been argued that there are some limitations of the IASB framework in measurement of liability. In order to determine the measurement technique for assets and liabilities, IASB standard has used the concept of valuation. However it has not been found to be reliable all the time. IASB framework suggests various methods for measuring assets and liabilities (Accaglobal.com, 2015). In order to define liability, IASB has considered the economic obligations of the company which can be identified as well as estimated according to the generally accepted accounting principles. However, IASB had not included the fact that certain deferred credits which are not obligations for the organization but must be recognized as well as measured as liability according to GAAP (Baltazar, 2012). It has been argued that the conceptual framework proposed by IASB focuses on the fair value measurement of the assets and liabilities. In fact, it has been observed that, this framework has not been able to clearly address the estimation beyond the description of the practice. The conceptual framework of IASB has several problems associated with the measurement of liabilities which is found to be ineffective in measuring the non-financial liabilities. It has been observed that the initial estimation of the liabilities which resulted from the transaction or past events which are not responsible for generation of revenue is complicated and it is subject to the significant error regarding measurement. For example, in case of employee benefits liabilities, provisions, derivatives and yet it will not include an item of deferred expenditure of deferred income. Additionally, when a liability is subject to the measurement uncertainty, the potential for error in the measurement will significa ntly affect the estimated revenue for a specific period (Fasb.org, 2001). It has been observed that the measurement technique will potentially affect the day one estimation and the measurement over the period of reporting when the liability is settled. It has been found that the IASB is focusing on the potential of this type of errors in measurement for overstating the day one revenue. However, it is not concerned about the overstatement of the subsequent revenue which implies a conservative bias in the measurement technique proposed by IASB. Additionally, IASB significantly ignores the inherent risk associated with the litigation liability and it represents the liability as if the flow of resource in future was certain and it will not reflect the economic burden presented with the aid of litigation liability. Thus, it will not be a reliable representation of liability (McGregor, 2013). 3. Categorization Treatment of Liabilities in Annual Report of Telstra Telstra has adopted AASB 2012-2 in order to offset the financial asset and liabilities. The company has assessed the new disclosure requirements according to the AASB 2012-2 as well as it added the additional disclosures in the financial report(Nobes and Parker, 2012). The treatment of different components of liability is discussed in this section. Trade and Other Payables In case of Telstra, trade and other payables including accruals are recorded as the current liability when the company requires paying in future due to purchase of service or assets. Amortized cost is considered in this case (Telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au, 2015). Provisions In case of Telstra provisions are recognized when the following conditions are fulfilled: The company has an existing legal or constructive obligation for sacrificing the economic benefits in future due to past transactions. The probability of sacrificing economic benefits in future Reliable estimation of the obligation (Telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au, 2015). Employee benefits The liabilities relating to employee benefits are held by Telstra regarding salary, wage, annual leave and other benefits at the nominal amount. It is calculated on the basis of expected rate of remuneration on the current date of settlement and it included the associated cost. The present values are calculated by using the government security rates within the due dates and similar to those of Telstras liability. The management judgment is applied in estimation of the long service leave provision (Telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au, 2015). Workers Compensation Telstra is responsible for insuring the liabilities of the workers compensation. The company has a provision for this liability and it is estimated at the present value on the basis of the actuarial review of the liabilities. In this situation, review will include the assessment of the actual accidents as well as estimation of the claims which has been incurred but not reported. The Australian government bond rate (10 years) is considered for the estimating the present value along with the risk associated with the liability. It has been observed that there are some controlled entities which are not self insured. However, it pays annual premium to the insurance companies for the workers of Telstra as compensation liability. Redundancy and Restructuring Costs From the annual report of Telstra, it has been found that it recognizes a provision for the redundancy cost when a detailed formal plan for the redundancies has been developed. Additionally, it has been observed that a valid expectation has been developed that the redundancy will be undertaken with respect to the employees who will be affected. Telstra has recognized a provision for the restructuring cost when a formal as well as detailed plan s developed and approved (Telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au, 2015). Additionally, when the valid expectation is raised from the people for who the restructuring activities will be carried out. Borrowings It has been found that the borrowings are consisted of the non-current liabilities except for those which has maturity period less than 12 months from the date of reporting. In Telstra, the annual report has demonstrated that the borrowing costs are directly associated with the cost of the production, construction or acquisition of the asset. The other cost associated with borrowings is included in the income statement as expenditure. In Telstra, borrowings are initially recognized on the date of trading and the company makes a provision for that instrument. On the other hand, Telstra derecognize its borrowing when the contractual liabilities are expired or cancelled (Nobes and Parker, 2012). The company has segmented borrowings into two major categories and these two categories are discussed below: Borrowings in a Designated Hedging Relationship The offshore borrowings of Telstra which are designated as the hedged item are estimated in terms of cash flow hedges or fair value. The accounting treatment is determined on the basis of the hedging technique. Initially the borrowings will be considered at its fair value if it has adopted fair value hedging technique. The carrying amount of borrowing in Telstra in fair value hedges are adjusted for the movement of fair value which will be attributed to the risk of hedging. It has been found that the Fair value will be estimated on the basis of the valuation methodologies which utilize information from the observable market (Telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au, 2015). When the borrowings are estimated in terms of cash flow hedges are initially recognized at the fair value plus the cost of transaction which is directly associated with borrowing. It has been found that in Telstra the borrowing is subsequently undertaken at the cost of amortization and it will be converted into the applicable spot rate as on the date of reporting. Borrowings not in a Designated Hedging Relationship Domestic loans, Telstra bonds and offshore loans are not included in the borrowings in the designated hedging relationship. In Telstra, all these instruments will be initially recognized in the fair value plus the additional cost of transaction which is directly associated to the issue of the instruments. Additionally these instruments are estimated at the amortized cost. It has been observed that the difference between the final amounts paid for discharging the borrowing and initial amount of the borrowing is recognized in the statement of comprehensive income by utilizing the effective interest method over the entire period of borrowing (Telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au, 2015). Tax payable and Deferred Tax Liability Current tax payable and deferred tax liability are the two components of liability in the balance sheet of Telstra. It has been found that the current tax is estimated in the accounting profit after allowing for the non-taxable as well as the non-deductable items which is on the basis of the amount anticipated to be paid to the tax authorities on the basis of the taxable profit for that period (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2007). On the other hand, the deferred tax will be estimated at the tax rate which is expected to be applied at the period when the asset will be realized as well as the liability will be settled. Both the deferred tax and the current tax are estimated by utilizing the tax rate which has been enacted on the date of reporting. The deferred tax liabilities will be offset against the deferred tax asset of Telstra (Telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au, 2015). Contingent Liabilities Contingent liability relates to the liability of adequate risk which does not qualified to be recognized as a liability or a liability whose presence will be corroborated only by wither the occurrence or non-occurrence of the future events which are uncertain and cannot be completely controlled by Telstra (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2007). Additionally, from the annual report of Telstra, it has been found that the term contingency liability is utilized for the liabilities which fail to satisfy the recognition criteria of recognition. First of all, it is needed to be determined whether the obligation should be considered as a liability of contingent liability. 4. Relationship between the Measurement of Liabilities and Decision The measurement of liabilities has significant impact on the decision making of the company (Reeve, Warren and Duchac, 2007). In case of Telstra, the treatment and measurement of liabilities are discussed in the above section. It has been found that the trade and other payables are recorded at the amortized cost. It has been found that it will influence the purchasing decision of asset and service. The provisions are measured in Telstra in three different terms. In case of employee benefits, Telstra has decided to offer long service leave of 3 months or more in case of the employees who has served the organization for ten years or more. It will be included in the employee benefit provision of the organization. In order to calculate the present values, Telstra has decided to use the rate of government bonds having similar liabilities. Management judgment is applied in estimation of the factors for calculating the permitted long service leave. The weighted average projected remuneratio n increment and the discount rate is considered for this purpose. In case of measurement of borrowing, fair value technique has been adopted by Telstra. It has been found that the future value is calculated with the aid of discounted future cash flow by utilization of a suitable market based yield curve and fit for the borrowing cost of Telstra (Reeve, Warren and Duchac, 2007). Conclusion This paper has provided an insight to the liability and its measurement techniques according to the IASB conceptual framework. First of liability is defied and the treatment of liabilities is discussed in the essay. Additionally, this paper has identified the relationship between the measurement of liability and decision of business entity. In order to do this Telstra has been chosen and the treatment of liability is discussed in this paper. The limitations of measurement of liability by application of IASB conceptual framework has been discussed in this paper. It has been found that the estimation of liability has a significant association with the decision of the business entity. References Baltazar, E. (2012). International GAAP 2012. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley Sons. Henry, E., Holzmann, O. (2012). Offsetting of assets and liabilities. J. Corp. Acct. Fin., 23(4), 65-69. doi:10.1002/jcaf.21772 Huian, M. (2012). Accounting for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities According to IFRS 9. Annals Of The Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Economics, 59(1). doi:10.2478/v10316-012-0002-0 K, S. (2012). Time Value of Money and Fair Value Accounting. London: Global Professional Publishing Ltd. Lopez-Espinosa, G., Maddocks, J., Polo-Garrido, F. (2009). Equity-Liabilities Distinction: The case for Co-operatives. Journal Of International Financial Management Accounting, 20(3), 274-306. doi:10.1111/j.1467-646x.2009.01033.x McEntire, D. (2012). Understanding and reducing vulnerability: from the approach of liabilities and capabilities. Disaster Prevention And Management, 21(2), 206-225. doi:10.1108/09653561211220007 Moerman, L., van der Laan, S. (2011). Accounting for long-tail asbestos liabilities: Metaphor and meaning. Accounting Forum, 35(1), 11-18. doi:10.1016/j.accfor.2011.01.002 Peasnell, K. (2013). Discussion of Financial reporting for employee stock options: liabilities or equity . Rev Account Stud, 18(3), 683-691. doi:10.1007/s11142-013-9236-9 Accaglobal.com, (2015).Conceptual Framework | ACCA Qualification | Students | ACCA Global. [online] Accaglobal.com. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/acca-qual-student-journey/qual-resource/acca-qualification/f7/technical-articles/iasb-conceptual-framework-financial-reporting.html [Accessed 28 Jan. 2015]. Baltazar, E. (2012).International GAAP 2012. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley Sons. Fasb.org, (2001).Understanding the Issues - The Case for Initially Measuring Liabilities at Fair Value. [online] Available at: https://www.fasb.org/cs/ContentServer?c=Document_Cpagename=FASB%2FDocument_C%2FDocumentPagecid=1218220179006 [Accessed 28 Jan. 2015]. IFRS Foundation, (2014).A Review of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. IFRS Foundation. McGregor, W. (2013).Liabilities the neglected element: a conceptual analysis of the financial reporting of liabilities. AASB Occasional Paper No. 1. Australian Accounting Standards Board. Nobes, C. and Parker, R. (2012).Comparative international accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Reeve, J., Warren, C. and Duchac, J. (2007).Principles of accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au, (2015).Telstra Annual Report 2014. [online] Available at: https://telstra.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au/Telstra1401/AnnualReport2014/EN/body.aspx?z=2p=14v=2pgl=uid= [Accessed 28 Jan. 2015]. Telstra2014ar.interactiveinvestorreports.com, (2015).Home - Telstra Annual Report 2014. [online] Available at: https://telstra2014ar.interactiveinvestorreports.com/ [Accessed 28 Jan. 2015]. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Duchac, J. (2007).Accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western.

The second Hypothesis The presence of immigrant workers is a positive force and benefits the U.S. economy

Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The second Hypothesis: The presence of immigrant workers is a positive force and benefits the U.S. economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source of data – United States Census Bureau 2012 The economy of the United States grew over the last ten decades due to the impact of the immigrants in the labor industry. As a group providing cheap labor and specialized skills, immigrants’ contribution to the economy of the United States has doubled in the last ten years. In fact, as indicated in the above graph, the number of immigrants within the civil labor force reached 23.1 million. Reflectively, this number represents 16.4 percent of the total labor force as of the year 2010. Despite constituting 13% of the total population, immigrants’ contribution in the growth of the United States economy has been seen in the agricultural, construction, housing, health care, real estate, education services, and mining and food services industries. Reflectively, these industries are the backbone of the American economy. As a matter of fact, at present, the immigrants in agricultural and mining industries have surpassed the 30% mark as provider of labor in these labor intensive spheres of production. Besides, the census results indicate that immigrants have become a driving force in the labor market for high-skilled workers in the field of information technology. Within this technical field, immigrants constitute 23% of the civilians employed. Moreover, immigrants also supply labor in large proportions in industries that require mass low-skilled employees. From 1970 to 2010, it is apparent that the contribution of the immigrants in the labor force, thus the economy of the United States has grown steadily. As the values indicated in the graph show a steady rise in the percentage of immigrant workers in the United States economy from 4.9% in 1970 to 1 6.4% in 2010. Despite being only 12.9 percent of the total population, they represent 16% of the total labor force. Thus, as indicated in the above statistic graph, the presence of immigrant workers is a positive force and benefits the U.S. economy since immigrants possess skills that could enhance the U.S. labor market. Specifically, their contribution is noted in the agricultural, mining, IT, construction, and manufacturing industries which require special skills that these immigrants posses.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relationship between median income and foreign birth The graph below shows the relationship between median income and foreign birth. Explanation The graph above shows a cluster diagram of median income and foreign birth. A straight line can be drawn from the cluster diagrams. The straight line (upward sloping) in the diagram implies a positive relationship between median income and the rate of increase of foreign birth that is, an increase in foreign birth leads to an increase in median income. Further, from the graph we can deduce that immigration has significantly increased the presence of foreign born workers in the United States as shown by the increase from 0.0% to 45.0%. Various studies have been carried out to show the effect of immigrants on the U.S economy. Most of the studies focus on the effects of immigrants on employment, wage rate, total productivity and overall impact on the US economy. These studies give varying results. Some indicate that immigrants cause a negative impact while others shows that immigration has a positive impact on the US economy. For instance, some stories indicate that immigrants compete for job opportunities with the native. Various economists who have analyzed the labor market in the US reveal that immigrants have no large effects on the US employment and wages of the US natives. A r ecent study conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco revealed that â€Å"immigrants expand the economy’s productive capacity by stimulating investment and promoting specialization thus producing efficiency gains and boosts income per worker† (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 1). In addition, the study showed that there is no significant effect of immigration on net job growth for US born to work in the long run and the short run. The study further revealed the economy has taken in the immigrants and the foreign born by growing job opportunities rather than putting out of place employees in the US. Further, presence of immigrants increases availability of cheap labor in the country. This encourages business to expand their capital expenditure. The net effect is an increase in output per worker. This effect of increase productivity and thus increase in income is felt in the long run because the firms have ample time to adjust their scale of production (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 1)Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The second Hypothesis: The presence of immigrant workers is a positive force and benefits the U.S. economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is evident that increase in immigrant and foreign born results to increase in productivity in the economy. Increased productivity implies an increase in household median income. It also implies increased gross domestic product of the country and increased per capita income. This relates to the second hypothesis of the study which states that the presence of immigrant workers is a positive force and benefits the U.S. economy. Immigrants possess skills that could enhance the U.S. labor market. Works Cited Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2010, The Effect of Immigrants on U.S. Employment and Productivity. Web. United States Census Bureau 2012, Graphs. Web. This research paper on The second Hypothesis: The presence of immigrant workers is a positive force and benefits the U.S. economy was written and submitted by user Shiny Sheep to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.